Kachina/Katsina Doll :: essays research papers fc

We believe they (Kachina Dolls) are personifications of the katsina spirits, originally created by the katsinam in their physical embodiment. ..." - Alph H. Secakuku To understand the meaning of the kachina dolls, it is necessary to understand Hopi culture, because one does not exist without the other. It has been found that the Hopi's main ancestors were the Anasazi, a group of people who at about the time of Christ came to depend on agriculture. They represent various beings, from animals to clouds. They are believed to be in some form of hierarchy, a form of kingdom. Kachina dolls are depictions of masked men impersonating supernatural beings that predominate the Hopi, Zuni and Pueblo Spirit dances. These Spirits are believed to be descendants of a prehistoric people. They have lived in the Northern parts of New Mexico westward into Arizona near Flagstaff for some fifteen hundred years. To honor them they have many sacred dances throughout the year. The dolls which contain the kachina spirits are often given to children to remind them of their heritage and of their Gods. However, the Kachina Dolls are not just toys, but objects to be treasured and studied. Through these dolls they learn about Kachinas as part of their religious training and background. In Pueblo Indian religious practice, any of more than 500 divine ancestral spirits who act as intermediaries between man and god. They will allow themselves to be seen by the community if the men properly perform a traditional ritual while wearing kachina masks. The spirit painted or carved on the mask is thought to be actually present with the performer, temporarily transforming him into a Kachina spirit. The identity of the spirit is depicted not by the form of the doll, which is usually simple and flat, but primarily by the applied color and elaborate feather, leather, and, occasionally, fabric ornamentation of its mask. Also the identity of a true Kachina doll is depicted and then carved of cottonwood root. One of the purposes is to help bring the rain for the crops to grow and since the cottonwood is always found near water, the Kachinas are carved from it’s roots. The roots from which the dolls are carved are chosen with care, since they are seen to draw life and precious moisture from the earth. Very few dolls were carved out of a single piece of wood. The arms and legs and head were carved separately and glued to the torso.

Aspirin-its preparation, history and applications Essay

How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. PHASE 1 This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. PHASE 2 After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. PHASE 3 This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. . Purification -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up. ). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420. 5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle. BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Â  How drugs such as aspirin work Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. How effective aspirin is New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics.

Essay about The Road to the American Civil War - 1347 Words

The majority of speculations regarding the causes of the American Civil War are in some relation to slavery. While slavery was a factor in the disagreements that led to the Civil War, it was not the solitary or primary cause. There were three other, larger causes that contributed more directly to the beginning of the secession of the southern states and, eventually, the start of the war. Those three causes included economic and social divergence amongst the North and South, state versus national rights, and the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case. Each of these causes involved slavery in some way, but were not exclusively based upon slavery. The North and South were forming completely different economies, and therefore†¦show more content†¦The South had some urbanization, in cities such as Atlanta, Georgia and Columbia, South Carolina. These cities served as transportation hubs, mainly for the transporting of goods, specifically cotton. The South would trans port cotton to the northern industries to produce finished goods from the cotton. The transportation hubs and railroad systems existed more often in the North than in the South, because there were more large cities. Due to the North and South existing with completely diverse demographics, geographies, and economies they were unable to understand the needs of one another in reference to the continuation of their thriving economies. With the North becoming more urbanized and based on industry, its power was also growing. The bulk of politics, transportation, and industry all existed in the North. The South began forming an opinion that new political decisions were being made in the North’s favor, and threatening the expansion of slavery, which threatened the expansion of their economic growth. This began with the formation of Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise of 1820, which let Missouri come into the Union as a slave state, and Maine would come in as a free state. This established a clear separation, at the southern border of Missouri, between the slave and free states,Show MoreRelatedCitizen Tom Paine And Freedom Road Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesof the novels Citizen Tom Paine (1943) and Freedom Road (1944). Citizen Tom Paine by Howard Fast depicts the conditions during The American Revolutionary War and its after math (1765-83). Freedom Road depicts the conditions of the former African slaves after The Civil War (1861-65) Thomas Paine is a political philosopher and thinker who has strived for the liberation of the Americans and African slaves since the time of American Revolutionary War. He is named as Tom Paine and is the protagonistRead MoreTransportation Revolution During The Civil War Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pages Transportation Revolution The Antebellum period is known as the period before the Civil War. However, it is described as the periods between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. The word e â€Å"antebellum,† means before the war, and â€Å"reform,† means the improvement of what is wrong. The Antebellum period made transportation more efficient for people who traveled. The Transportation Revolution provided several new, reliable, safe and cost-effective ways to travel to different parts of the nation,Read MoreThe War Of 1812 And The Civil War959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Antebellum period is known as the period before the Civil War. However, it is described as the periods between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. The word e â€Å"antebellum,† means before the war, and â€Å"reform,† means the improvement of what is wrong. The Antebellum period made transportation more efficient for people who traveled. The Transportation Revolution provided several new, reliable, safe and cost-effec tive ways to travel to different parts of the nation, including new land in the west. TheRead MoreThe American Civil War878 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A civil war is a prolonged high-intensity conflict between people, countries, or parties, which is usually barefaced and armed. Every war has its causes either acceptable or not and some are inevitable. Commonly, civil wars are between countries within a state. It results from one country aiming to make implementations on their governing policies or take control of certain areas within the state. 1Civil War refers to the American Civil War, which took place in the year 1861 to 1865Read MoreHarriet Tubman And The Civil Rights Movement1167 Words   |  5 Pages Araminta Ross, or more commonly known as Harriet Tubman, was a powerful figure in the Civil Rights movement. Having already escaped from slavery, Araminta made ninteen trips to free other slaves. She helped free hundreds of slaves, even her own parents. She never lost a slave or was caught by government officals looking to capture her. Tubman always stood up for what was right, even if it meant taking someone else’s pun ishment. Araminta, one of nine children born to Harriet â€Å"Rit† Green and BenRead MoreReasons and Results of the Civil War Essay example540 Words   |  3 PagesReasons and Results of the Civil War The Civil War was a very critical event in American History. It started by many disagreements between the North and the South. For blacks as for other Americans, the Civil War was a strong voice preaching the needs for devotion and allegiance to form a justified nation. After the war ended there were many results that would forever linger throughout America and the world. The South was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the NorthRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history, and the impact was felt on many levels. Various estimates put the deaths during the Civil War at between 600,000 and 700,000. The last figure is the result of better research of existing death records and casualty lists (Isenhour). In order to understand the complexity of the Civil War, one must understand Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 (History 1). He was elected as the 16th president (History 1). AfterRead MoreThe American Civil War Was A Death Filled Four Years1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War was a death filled four years. Many people died fighting for what they believed. The north, who won the war, got what they wanted; the south was able to keep their property with nearly no consequences for their actions. But one group of people who fought for both sides got nothing for their blood left on the battle field. Both the Union army and the Confederate army promised the Native Americans who fought for them many things such as land, freedom, and rights but did eitherRead MoreSouthern Secession and the Causes for the Civil War1025 Words   |  4 Pages The issue of Southern secession and the causes for the Civil War have been immensely debated, researched, and written o n. An analysis of just a small portion of these historical and sociological works reveals that just about every approach and position on the topic has been explored. Yet still today, nearly 150 years later, historians continue to find new ways to answer this age old question—why did the South secede? The debate continues as authors seek to make sense of the primary documentationRead MoreEssay on African Americans Influence on Civil War618 Words   |  3 PagesIn what way the African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War? African Americans helped shape the civil war in many ways. In fact, they were basically the underlying cause for the war in the first place. African Americans were slaves and had been treated like property since they first arrived in America. Therefore, the possibility of freedom for these slaves caused a big uproar in the south. The issue of equal rights for African Americans, the country’s ignorance to African

North Koreas nuclear arsenal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1701 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: North Korea Essay Did you like this example? North Koreas nuclear arms have become a concerning issue for the United States and for the world. Many solutions have been considered as an alternative to a mass war, but none of the solutions have been executed. This impending nuclear war would result in widespread catastrophe. North Korea is believed to have more than a dozen types of bombs and is the worlds most active seller of nuclear knowledge (Shuster and Miller 30). This threat needs to be dealt with in the best possible form and with the most effective approach. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "North Koreas nuclear arsenal" essay for you Create order On July 4, 2017, North Korea tested their intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and forced America to become aware of the threat (Klare 4). The United States had to realize that nuclear weapons are still a threat to be reckoned with. This missile could reach Alaska, and in the future, have the ability to reach Los Angeles, New York, or Washington DC (MacKenzie 25). This ICBM test on Americas Independence Day acts as a threat to American independence, freedom, and safety. This threat endangers American lives and is spreading across the world as imminent danger. Although the threat is not greatly endangering to the United States yet, it is a threat to areas surrounding North Korea. Any attack on North Korea would result in mass killing and destruction in South Korea, and possibly Japan (Klare 6). A minimal attack would lead to mass catastrophe around the world. The missile does not seem to be a major threat to countries without a destructive nuclear device attached. The IC BM has the capability to hold a nuclear device because of the carbon heat shield that it carries, keeping the nose cool enough to carry the device without destroying it (MacKenzie 25). With the added threat of the missiles capabilities, America is in grave danger and needs to take action against the impending attack. The number of nuclear-armed countries has grown from five to as many as nine since the 1970s, and the threat of World War III has been recognized by all of the secondary nuclear threats (Shuster and Miller 30). All of the nuclear-armed countries increase the risk of more danger in the United States. World War III would bring chaos to every country and threaten military defenses. The United States could not afford another World War in the aspect of money, preparation, and time. The nuclear threat is important because Kim Jong-un, North Koreas leader, is developing ICBMs rapidly with the capability of delivering nuclear warheads to America (Klare 4). Kim Jong-uns relentless determination in attacking the United States with North Koreas nuclear weapons is terrifying to the American people. There are many solutions to the threat of the nuclear arms, but they have not been acted upon. The solution would need to be a negotiated or defensive approach toward the nuclear issue. Any successful approach to the nuclear issue needs to be incremental, practical, and cooperative in nature (Shen 345). Taking a negotiated approach is a solution that is plausible to many people and nations. The United States would need to warn against military force and instead press for negotiated outcomes (Klare 8). A popular approach is the three noes policy, North Korea would have no further development of nuclear weapons, no trading of nuclear weapons outside of the North Korean border, and no using, or threatening to use, nuclear weapons (Shen 345). This would limit North Koreas powers and increase global harmony. The leaders of these nations would need to sit down and adopt a common structure for the limits of military action to achieve peace (Klare 8). Peace for the world is crucial when facing the threat of war. In return for cooperation in the three noes policy, North Korea would receive benefits including security, normalization of North Koreas relations with the United States and other countries, and the removal of sanctions of trade (Shen 345-346). This negotiation could lead to more allies, trade, and equipment. Another solution to the threat is better weapons and defense mechanisms for America. The Missile Defense Agency can only make minimal improvements because of poor funding from the government (Karako 29). Funding needs to be increased in order to provide safety for America and the citizens. Without this increased funding, America is left vulnerable to the weapons of other countries. If America plans to react with the defensive approach, research and development would be crucial for furthering the United States weapons. New weapons like directed-energy weapons, such as a laser mounted on and unmanned aerial vehicle, could have the ability to defeat missiles in their boost phase (Karako 30). These types of weapons are important if the nuclear arms race continues as it has been. Nuclear war is an impending thought and could lead to an eventual World War III. The threat of this impending war forces the government to look at the different approaches to the nuclear threat and decide what is best for the nation and the trusting citizens. People look to President Donald Trump when searching for the United States solution to the nuclear threat. Donald Trump says that the countrys biggest problem is some maniac obtaining a nuclear weapon (Shuster and Miller 30). Nearly anybody could gain access to ingredients to build a weapon of mass destruction, and that is a terrifying reality for many citizens. America has different aspects that the leaders need to look at when dealing with the imminent threat of a nuclear attack from North Korea. Any decision made could be detrimental to the citizens of the United States and the allies of the United States. In 2010, the Obama administration stated that the United States was, at the time, in an advantageous position compared to the nuclear threat from North Korea (Karako 29). Almost a decade later, positions have changed and America may not be in a state of complete protection and control. President Donald Trump also plays a key role in determining what danger new types of bo mbs would be in the coming years (Shuster and Miller 33). The government will need to assess every threat that comes with the missile. With other threats on the rise, the government needs to react soon and effectively. Other countries have a different approach to the nuclear problem. China, an ally of North Korea, is unwilling to see North Korea collapse and refuses to risk war (Shen 345). An ally of North Korea has a different view than a country that is not aligned with North Korea. Those countries not aligned with North Korea are held together by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); this is a form of protection for those not aligned with North Korea. When the NATO spread to the eastward side, it reached Russia and created a chain of US-armed states surrounding China (Klare 4). This blockade caused tension between North Korea and the organization because China and North Korea are allies. Russia and China responded to the testing of the ICBM in North Korea by arranging meetings directed towards preventing further nuclear development in exchange for stopping the United States and South Korean military exercises that would bring a threat to Kim Jong-uns rule (MacKenzie 25). This neg otiated approach has proven to be resourceful for Russia and China when protecting their citizens from endangering nuclear harm and mass killings. Many other detrimental weapons have surfaced in the nuclear arms race. A metallic lump packed together with high explosives, known as a dirty bomb, could poison the surrounding area by the blast zone with toxic levels of radiation (Shuster and Miller 30). This threat is an addition to the threat of the missile and forces people to question if North Korea is capable of anything more. A dangerous weapon that does more damage after the blast, like the dirty bomb, is extremely harmful to people in the surrounding areas. The only defense that America has against a long-range ballistic missile is the Ground-based Midcourse Defense system, which is a critical but thin defensive program (Karako 29). Without negotiation, the United States is left vulnerable to the growing number of nuclear weapons. North Korea has the threat of the capability of technology needed to attach a hydrogen bomb to the missile (Karako 29). This technology could open up an entirely new arms race and create a l arger threat to the American people. America needs to take a negotiated approach towards the issue. Negotiating with the surrounding countries towards world peace is crucial for global harmony. If the defensive approach were to be taken, it would be extremely costly to the American budget. The United States government has provided over $50 million in aid to help the former Soviet republic, consisting of only 3.7 million people, in combating the trade in nuclear materials (Shuster and Miller 31). This amount of money cannot be spent on defending nuclear issues for the United States, much less for other countries. Along with other expenses, an addition of a defensive site on the East Coast of the United States would have a cost of $2 billion (Karako 29). This lofty amount of money could be spent on other items benefiting the United States. Instead, America is considering wasting the money on funding a defensive attack that they could not afford. Negotiating the end of the nuclear arms race would lead to the lack of a need to spend such a great amount of money on such a miniscule thing. A North Korean denuclearization could not be achieved at once, but North Korea might eventually be ready to take concrete steps toward the end of their entire nuclear arsenal (Shen 346). A negotiated process may take time, but this amount of time and effort will be worth it in the end. This process would save American lives, lives of other countries, money, and valuable resources. The government needs to address the issue for the American people and ensure safety in daily life. The lack of nuclear resources that the United States has must be considered when dealing with the nuclear situation. Negotiating peace with North Korea would lead to peace between the countries and increased trade and resources that are valuable to the citizens. America needs to take a negotiated approach toward the issue because of the repercussions of other decisions that could be made. America cannot afford war when there is a simple solution to the nuclear arms problem.

The Physics Of Science And Engineering - 1329 Words

Ever since I was a little child, I was fascinated by machines and the way they operate. I remember growing up with a pile of broken toys around me. My mother has always been complaining about my obsession with disassembling toys. Whenever I got any interesting automatic toy, I had felt the urge of ripping them apart to see how they worked. I attempted to reassemble them afterwards, but most of the time they end up being damaged. I remember spending day after day trying to figure out why one of my motorized cars responded only to its sound generating remote control however not to other sounds. I did not have any knowledge of sensors or actuators back then. One of my cousins came to rescue and explained it. I was very surprised, realizing an inanimate object could possess such ability. My interest in science and engineering grew exponentially after that. The idea of being an Engineer, being able to play with the laws of physics and unveiling the unknowns has always been a driving force in my student life. I have always had a strong inclination towards mathematics and science. I like solving geometric problems from the beginning of my student life. To encourage me, one of my teachers gifted me a copy of Euclid s â€Å"Elements† when I was in class five. I’ve learned a lot from that book and it bolstered my interest in mathematics and geometry exponentially. Since then, I’ve been working continuously on improving my math and science skills. I’ve participated in differentShow MoreRelatedI Am Interested Into Learning1244 Words   |  5 Pageshave struggled with Calculus 1 and with Physics 1 and while initially that was very discouraging and made me want nothing to do with either subject, I now feel that struggling through those subjects may be the best thing I can do for myself, especially if my goal is to become an engineer. At the beginning of the year, I told my roommates that I wanted nothing to do with Physics or Calculus after this semester and yet now, I find myself enrolled in both Physics 2 and Calculus 2. I have enjoyed bothRead MoreMechanical Design Of Mechanical Engineering1537 Words   |  7 PagesMechanical engineering is a diverse subject that consists of the ability to design and manufacture everything from miniscule parts to large machines and projects. The objective of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea and publish it. This goal is reached by obtaining a range of skills and knowledge. People who are striving to become mechanical engineers need to comprehend the powers and the warm environment that an item, its parts, or its subsystems will experience; to outline themRead MoreMy Wish to Pursue a Masters Degree in Machine Learning and Computer Science925 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in Mathematics and Physics. When I was 15, I read Fundamentals of Physics by David Halliday on my own as an extracurricular activity. It was fascinating for me that everything happening around us has a mathematical ex planation based on the fundamental principles of Physics. When I was 16, I was accepted in the first round of the National Olympiad in Physics by being among the first 1000 participants. A year later, I repeated the same success in Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry. The sameRead MoreAudience And Purpose Goes Here1302 Words   |  6 PagesGirls Can Do Science, Too Even with recent improvements in the area of gender equality in the workplace along with movement towards diminishing the pay gap between males and females, females are still to this day very sparse within scientific communities and are especially underrepresented in the field of physics. The great underrepresentation in such a vastly growing field creates a domino effect that further prevents women from wanting to join such a field. Fix this paragraph Physics has alwaysRead MoreThe Technology Of Chemical Engineering1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe Forefront of Science Many people have been known for their brains in chemical engineering, like Carl Bosch who is known for his work with high pressure chemistry. Chemical engineering is quite peculiar among the many branches of engineering. Other branches include civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and aerospace engineering which are mainly applied physics. Chemical engineering is unique in integrating chemistry with physics to investigate systematically industrialRead MoreEssay on Mechanical Engineering1124 Words   |  5 PagesMechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of engineering, physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.[1] It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines. The engineering field requires an understanding of core conceptsRead MoreEssay about Personal Statement: Goals in Nuclear Engineering503 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Statement: Interests, Experiences, and Goals in Nuclear Engineering Money and fame do not motivate my goals. Engineering in all forms is a field of innovation and invention. Aspirations of any great engineer should be to introduce to the world a new idea, product, or service that will make people happier and the environment safer. Success in these challenges is a reward greater than any dollar amount or public recognition. Engineers bring societies to new levels of civilization throughRead MoreThe Physics Of Mechanical Engineering924 Words   |  4 Pagesthey were before. How do planes fly in the sky? How do cars accelerate? I chose the major mechanical engineering to answer all these previous scientific questions. The definition of mechanical engineering is the system that applies the principles of engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical system. It is a branch of engineering concerned primarily with the industrial application of mechanics and with the production of toolsRead MorePurpose For A Career In Engineering1025 Words   |  5 Pageshigher education in engineering. In high school, deeply intrigued by mechanisms and experiments in physics, I frequently took part in the State Science Exhibitions demonstrating models from solar oven to spring-mass systems. My passion for Physics and Mathematics in high school spurred me to win many awards at Manipur State Level Competitions. This led me to major in Science during Higher Secondary School. Later, it served as an impetus behind my choice of Engineering Physics as my undergraduateRead MorePersonal Statement : Mechanical Engineering Degree1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhile at Missouri University of Science and Technology, I will be getting my major in mechanical engineering. With a mechanical engineering degree, I hope to someday qualify to become a professional engineer and work at a company like Boeing to design different parts used in planes, trains, and automobiles. I am content with my decision to major in mechanical engineering and feel like it is a good fit for me because it coincides with my many interests, abilities, and personality. My development

Advantages of Tourism for Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Australian Tourism. Answer: Introduction Tourism in Australia Tourism involves travelling to any place for leisure or business. Over a period of time, this industry has become more organized and now the business of attracting, accommodating and entertaining tourists has gained ground. Tourism has now become a vital source of income and an important component in the economy. Travel Tourism generated US$7.6 trillion (10% of global GDP) and 277 million jobs (1 in 11 jobs) for the global economy in 2014 (WTTC, 2015). Australian tourism interjected 3.9% in countrys GDP by contributing AUD44.5bn in the year 2015 (WTTC, 2016). The industry is well organized and extremely efficient. Over a period of time, the marketing strategies used by this industry has attracted many tourists from across the globe. Australian economy benefits from its tourism majorly by immense contribution to investment, generation of jobs and promotion of cultural communities. Tourism New South Wales: New South Wales is a premier feather on Australian Tourisms hat. It is often claimed that there is no place like NSW as it comprises of land, mountains, deserts, beaches, rainforests, bush land as well as outback. It is located in the heart of Australia and is home for its capital city of Sydney. NSW is renowned for its high population and largest pool of visitors across the country. 29% of total Australias tourism consumption is contributed by NSW. This is evidenced by the fact that in the year 2015-2016 Tourism contributed $32.5bn to NSWs economy (Government of Australia, 2016). Besides investment, NSW tourism greatly contributes to the countrys employment. The states tourism sector directly and indirectly employees over 267000 people annually (Government of NSW, 2015) NSW is specifically appealing to visitors because of its pleasant climate, scenic landscapes and various sources of entertainment due to the presence of diverse cultures. Destination NSW is the organization responsible for growing tourism activities in the state. This body has taken complete responsibility for enticing, billeting and compelling tourist interest from across the world. Their diligence and dedication has ranked NSW as one of the finest tourist destinations in the world. Figure 1: Tourist Destinations in NSW Blue Mountains: This UNESCO world heritage site is located 81km west of Sydney. This picturesque destination is world renowned for sandstone rock formations called the three sisters and the worlds steepest railway, Katoomba scenic. The world renowned site covers one million hectares of tall forests, sandstone cliffs, canyons, waterfalls and bush lands (Australian Tourism, 2017). Bondi Beach: Bondi beach is one of the top rated beaches in the world. It is prominent among youngsters who can visit this beach to get a true glimpse of the Australian lifestyle. The area is well suited to surf, shop, backpack or just enjoy a good book by the waves. The beach hosts various national and international events throughout the year for tens of thousands of tourists (Australian Tourism, 2017). Sydney Harbor Bridge: The largest steel arch bridge of the world is one of the greatest tourist attractions. It is affectionately called as the coat hanger. The spectacular view offered from a 134mt above Harbor Bridge is most definitely the citys proudest possessions (Destinations NSW, 2017). Sydney Opera House: Another UNESCO world heritage site garners the attention of a million tourists every year. This construction came into being in the year of 1973 and since then the spectacular view and brilliant architecture has continued to lure footfall on a daily basis. Conducting over 40 shows every day, this attraction surely has something for everything (Sydney Opera House Official Website, 2017). Snowy Mountains: Snowy mountains are a home to Australias five highest peaks including Mt. Kosciuszko. The place continues to welcome tourists throughout the year. This is prominent for snow activities like snowboarding, snow shoeing, skiing and snow tubing Reasons for NSW Tourism: Business: Sydney, NSW is one of the largest hubs for international business events, conventions, exhibitions and conferences. This widely increases the number of tourists visiting the city. Business events Sydney is the organization which takes responsibility for appealing and attracting businessmen and women from across the world by promoting Sydney as the one business events destination in the world. Sports: Besides business, Australia is country known for its active participation and excellent performance in various sports specially cricket and rugby besides horse racing, surfing, golf and football. Sydney was the proud host of the magnificent Olympic Games in 2000, which has secured Sydney a clear spot in the world sports. Culture: The rich cultural heritage of NSW attracts travelers and researchers from different corners of the world. The cultural roots are deep and often studied by various scholars worldwide. The office of environment and heritage protects and promotes this culture along with various government agencies. Theaters, Museums, Art schools and exhibition, live music venues and Cinema houses are spread across various nooks and corners of the state and attract wide gatherings regularly Conclusion: Tourism contributes to a countrys economy by the means of investment and employment. This makes every country works on promoting their tourist spots and putting them on the world map. Every country has different ways of endorsing themselves. The United Nations has designated 2017 the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development (UNESCO, 2017). Australia and especially NSW has played their part well by consistently protecting and cultivating their heritage sites, promoting them to the outside world and ensuring a fulfilling experience. Australia has certain advantages as a tourist country, being closeness to Asian tourists, pleasant weather, Tie ups for inexpensive air travel, rich cultural heritage and magnificent scenic beauty across the country. The country experiences tourist entrants throughout the year for business purposes or leisure. At present, the tourism industry of Australia contributes to 3.0% of the countrys GDP which is expected to rise with every passing year. Blue Mountains, The harbor Bridge, Sydney opera house and Snowy Mountains are few of the most widely visited tourist sites and they truly evidence the Australian tourism tagline There is nothing like Australia. References: Australian Tourism, (2017), Blue Mountains, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.australia.com/en-in/places/blue-mountains.html. Australian Tourism, (2017), Bondi Beach, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.australia.com/en-in/places/nsw/nsw-bondi-beach.html. Destinations NSW, (2017), Sydney Harbor Bridge, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.sydney.com/destinations/sydney/sydney-city/sydney-harbour/sydney-harbour-bridge. Government of Australia, (2016), Tourisms Value to New South Wales, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.tra.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/254/State%20summaries_2015-16.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. NSW Government, (2015), Industry strength and capabilities, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/invest-in-nsw/industry-opportunities/tourism/industry-strengths-and-capabilities. Sydney Opera House, (2017), Sydney Opera House, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/. United Nations, 2017, UNESCO and the international year of sustainable tourism, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://en.unesco.org/iyst4d. World Travel and Tourism Council, (2015), Economic impact 2015 Australia, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/countries%202015/australia2015.pdf. World Travel and Tourism Council, (2017), Economic impact 2017 Australia, retrieved on 24 August, 2017 from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/2017-documents/global-economic-impact-and-issues-2017.pdf.

Smme in Botswana free essay sample

In its effort to diversify the economy away from dependency on the mineral sector, the government of Botswana realised the importance of supporting Smmes in fostering economic growth and creating jobs. Over the past two decades, targeted financial support as well as advisory programmes to help the people of Botswana to establish their own enterprises was introduced and implemented at different levels. In the initial stages, â€Å"the programmes were set up more in response to specific problems encountered than as the basis of a comprehensive and more focused government policy on Smmes† (RB, 1999). However, in recent times the landscape has since changed with government and the private sector pulling resources together in a crusade to assist the local Smmesector. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the Smme sector by reviewing the initiatives undertaken by government. Such initiatives include policy formulation and the implementation of programmes intended to assist the Smme sector in Botswana. We will write a custom essay sample on Smme in Botswana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A review of the literature on definitions and categorisation of Smmes indicates that there is no single and standard definition for Smmes. It is in this regard that the Government of Botswana accepted the criteria proposed by the Smme Task Force of 1998 in defining the three categories of enterprises, using annual turnover and the number of employees. A micro enterprise is defined as a business with the number of employees not exceeding six and a maximum annual turnover equal to or less than BWP 60,000. 00. A small enterprise makes an annual turnover of between BWP 60, 000. 00 and BWP 1. 5 million and employs not more than 25 people. A medium enterprise is defined as a firm that has a maximum number of 250 employees and an annual turnover of between BWP 1. 5 million and BWP 5 million (RB, 1999). The Smme Policy (1999) notes that, even though the categorisation is retained as a guide for broad policy purposes, the Policy leaves room to consider more specific definitions such as when a particular government policy on e. g. taxation or direct assistance programme is developed. It has been an observation that many small business owners fail to realise the importance of the accounting function and as a result cause the failure of the business (Stone, 2003, preface). Mason et al in Buckland and Davis (1995) in conjunction with the latter, observe that entrepreneurs often have difficulty in convincingly conveying their specialized knowledge to a bank manager. In Great Britain banks are a recognized source of start-up and working capital. According to Hughes and Storey (1994) they are however, not a particularly easy source, putting a priority on security/collateral and for intervention of the state. Thus, Smme require support if they are to survive and grow. According to Miroslav and Drnovsek in Kirby and Watson (2003), one of the obstacles that hindered the creation of new ventures in Slovania includes lack of capital financing for small business initiatives on the part of banks and other financial institutions. Banks were reluctant to lend to small businesses and practically no venture funds existed. New entrepreneurs primarily obtained the requisite resources from family members and friends (Kirby and Watson, 2003). The absence of, or at least poor access to finance, was an important negative factor affecting SMMEs in Romania and Bulgaria. According to Kirby and Watson (2003), in 1998, just 8-10 percent of the firms in Bulgaria had access to bank loans. The rigid requirements of the commercial banks for serving the loans(e. g. collateral and terms) extend to firms as well as the high cost of debt (Kirby and Watson,2003). In South Africa the White Paper on National Strategy for the Development and Promotion of Small Business (1995) reinvented the wheel for the Smme sector. The Small Business Development Act of (1996) indicates that up to 78 percent of the small businesses started in South Africa eventually failed. It is therefore necessary for the South African government to adopt specific economic and social policies to stimulate Smme development as an essential part of the economic and social development of the entire country. It is though important for entrepreneurs to help themselves and find ways to improve the organisation of their businesses, and the skills of their employees. They also have to find the adequate means to adapt to the market requirements if they are to survive.