Automatic Room Light Controller with Didirectional Visitor Counter

CHAPTER :- 1 Project Overview 1. Introduction Of Project 1. 1 Project Definition: Project title is â€Å"AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER â€Å". The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.Also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room so as not to have congestion. This circuit proves to be helpful. 1. 2 Project Overview This Project â€Å"Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room v ery accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one.The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller CHAPTER :- 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION 2. 1Basic Block DiagramEnter Exit Relay Driver A T 8 9 S 5 2 Signal Conditioning Exit Sensor Enter Sensor Light Signal Conditioning Power Supply Fig. 2. 1 Basic Block Diagram 2. 2 Blo ck Diagram Description The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks. 1. Power Supply 2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit 3. AT 89S52 micro-controller 4. Relay driver circuit 1. Power Supply:- Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. 12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply. 2. Enter and Exit Circuits:- This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons. 3. 89S52 Microcontroller:- It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful Microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications. 4. Relay Driver Circuit:- This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices.In this block mainly we are using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control the light. Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allott ed function. CHAPTER :- 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Transmission Circuit:- Fig. 3. 1 Transmitter circuit Receiver Circuit:- Fig. 3. 2 Receiver circuit * CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: There are two main parts of the circuits. 1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs) 2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors) . Transmission Circuit: Fig. 3. 3 Transmitter circuit This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator. A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a ‘one-shot'. In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1.At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to ‘high'. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, t he flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output ‘low' and turning on pin 7's discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i. e. , t=R1C1. IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. round 1. 4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz. 2. Receiver Circuit: Fig. 3. 4 Receiver circuit The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I. e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. Input is given to the Port 1 of the microcontroller.Port 0 is used for the 7-Segment display purpose. Port 2 is used for the Relay Turn On and Turn off Purpose. LTS 542 (Common Anode) is used for 7-Segment display. And that time Relay will get Voltage and triggered so light will get voltage and it will turn on. And when counter will be 00 that time Relay will be turned off. Reset button will reset the microcontroller. CHAPTER :- 4 HARDWARE DESIGN ; DESCRIPTIONS Hardware Design:- Infrared Sensor TSOP1738 Microcontroller AT89S52 Relay 7-Segment Display Timer IC 555 Fig. 4. 1 Snap of the entire circuit 4. 1 Procedure Followed While Designing:In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I programmed the microcontroller using KEIL software using hex file. Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results were obtained. . 2 List of Components: Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the Digital Speedometer Cum Odometer: * Microcontroller – AT89S52 * IC – 7805 * Sensor – TSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor) * Transformer – 12-0-12, 500 mA * Preset – 4. 7K * Disc capacitor – 104,33pF * Reset button switch * Rectifier diode – IN4148 * Transistor – BC 547, CL 100 * 7-Segment Display 4. 3 Description of Components 4. 3. 1 Microcontroller AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.The device is manu factured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power-down mode saves the RAM con- tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. FEATURES:- * 8 KB Reprogrammable flash. * 32 Programmable I/O lines. * 16 bit Timer/Counter—3. * 8 Interrupt sources. * Power range: 4V – 5. 5V * Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles * Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz * Three level program memory lock * Power off flag * Full duplex UART serial channel * Low power idle and power down modes * Interrupt recovery from power down modes * 256 KB internal RAM * Dual data pointer 4. 3. 2TSOP1738 (INFRARED SENSOR)Fig. 4. 2 Infrared Sensor Description: The TSOP17.. – Series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decode d by a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes. Features: * Photo detector and preamplifier in one package * Internal filter for PCM frequency * Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance * TTL and CMOS compatibility * Output active low Low power consumption * High immunity against ambient light * Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps) * Suitable burst length . 10 cycles/burst Block Diagram: Fig. 4. 3 Block Diagram of TSOP 1738 Application Circuit: Fig. 4. 4 Application circuit 4. 3. 3 555 ( TIMER IC): Fig. 4. 5 Timer IC(555) Description: The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor.For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Features: * Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 * Timing from microseconds through hours * Operates in both astable and monostable modes * Adjustable duty cycle * Output can source or sink 200 mA * Output and supply TTL compatible * Temperature stability better than 0. 05% per  °C * Normally on and normally off output * Available in 8-pin MSOP package Applications: * Precision timing * Pulse generation * Sequential timing * Time delay generation * Pulse width modulation * Pulse position modulation * Linear ramp generator 5. 3. 4 LTS 542 (7-Segment Display) Description: The LTS 542 is a 0. 52 inch digit height single digit seven-segment display. This device utilizes Hi-eff. Red LED chips, which are made from GaAsP on GaP substrate, and has a red face and red segment. Fi g. 4. 6 7 Segment Features: * Common Anode * 0. 52 Inch Digit Height * Continuous Uniform Segments Low power Requirement * Excellent Characters Appearance * High Brightness ; High Contrast * Wide Viewing Angle 5. 3. 5 LM7805 (Voltage Regulator) Fig. 4. 7 Voltage Regulator Description: The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. Features: * Output Current up to 1A * Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V * Thermal Overload Protection * Short Circuit Protection * Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection 5. 3. 6 RELAY CIRCUIT: Fig. 4. 8 Relay A single pole dabble throw (SPDT) relay is connected to port RB1 of the microcontroller through a driver transistor. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100ma, which cannot provide by the microcontroller.So the driver transistor is added. The relay is used to operate the external solenoid forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay remains off. As soon as pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay operates. When the relay operates and releases. Diode D2 is the standard diode on a mechanical relay to prevent back EMF from damaging Q3 when the relay releases. LED L2 indicates relay on. CHAPTER :- 5 SOFTWARE DESIGN FLOW CHART: Start Infrared Signal Transmission Interrupted from Sensor1 Interrupted from Sensor 2 Turn On Relay Counter Incremented Counter DecrementedCounter set to 0 Relay Turn Off Turn On Light Turn Off Light F ig. 4. 7 Flow Chart * If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and switch on the relay, if it is first time interrupted. * If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count. * When the last person leaves the room then counter goes to 0 and that time the relay will turn off. And light will be turn off. CHAPTER :- 6 TESTING AND RESULTSTesting And Results We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which we faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise a We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when I turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are I faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the data books and other materials related to its.I had issues with better or correct result, which I desired. And also the software problem. I also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem. We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware. We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V.As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805. also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged.. with the help of the solder we made the necessary paths. CHAPTER :- 7 FUTURE E XPANSION FUTURE EXPANSION * By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as fans, tube lights, etc. * By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing the door. CHAPTER :- 8 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES ; DISADVANTAGES Application * For counting purposes * For automatic room light control * Advantages * Low cost * Easy to use * Implement in single door * Disadvantages * It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously. CHAPTER :- 8 BIBILOGRAPHY Bibliography * Reference Books * Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY * The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems: MUHAMMAD ALI MAZIDI JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI * The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA * Website * www. datasheets4u. com * www. 8051. com

Environmental Pollution Essay

Los Angeles, California have been experiencing a growing population within our city. The growing population in this city has caused an increased pressure on the infrastructure and natural resources that are beginning to affect our environment. The expansion of the city has cut deeper into the rural areas that are causing problems to the environment, such as a loss in our wetlands, water pollution, biological habitats, and air pollution. The cause of the growing population has led to a high density of factories, automobiles, and commercial enterprises in Los Angeles. The population growth is beginning to create many environmental problems that are giving Los Angeles economic, and environmental consequences. Theresa Carter, an associate-level environmental scientist, has suggested four measurements of the city council for addressing the pollution management. She has suggested to Encouraging alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle use, Promoting fuel-efficient cars, Improving roads, and Encouraging carpooling. The encouragement of alternative transportation is great on the earth environment and the health of human beings. The improvement of better roads can also improve the transportation of people, reduce cars accidents, and can allow people to compost what was used. Compost helps improve soil, so it holds more water and plants grow better. Carpooling is a very effective climate change, because it allows one car to be used to carry different people to work and other places. For instance, eight people wanted to drive their car from Los Angeles to Apple valley. Los Angeles is an hour and a half drive away. Instead of using eight different cars and spending money on  eight different fossil fuels to fuel their cars, one person can use a van to carry all the co-worker to one location saving, hundreds of dollars and used of savable fossil fuels. When people use walking, bicycling, and carpooling at least twice a week it can cut the greenhouse gas emission at 1,600 pound per year. The promotion of fuel efficient vehicles allows the waste of fuel not to be used and helps protect the future cost of fossil fuels. When humans trade a car for a bicycle, it do not only improve their and the ecosystem health, It allows humans to fight obesity and rely on other ways to get around. Some persons may argue that fuel efficient cars are a great expense, but it can also be a significant improvement to get their health in order. It can do this by removing pollution from the air and gathering into their lungs. Bicycling is exercise, and many people have become obese by sitting around and driving, while not doing nothing to benefit their health. Pedestrian crashes are more than twice as likely to occur in areas without sidewalks; streets with â€Å"sidewalks on both sides have the fewest crashes. â€Å"Streets without safe places to walk, cross, catch a bus, or bicycle put people at risk. Over 5,000 pedestrians and bicyclists died on U.S. roads in 2008, and more than 120,000 were injured† (Reynolds, C, p. 22, 2009). Improvements of new roads and fuel efficient cars can be a massive expense, but the is an excellent conservation of people lives, and deter of greenhouse gases being released. Better decision making on environmental issues, allow people to make a better decision to live life on earth for a longer existence. The way the Earth works is to create and recreate, not for human to produce and destroys nature natural habitat. The following quote â€Å"Decision-making about environmental issues necessitates the maintenance of a good balance between the effectiveness of measures and the public reaction towards them.† In Theresa opinion mean that if human makes a valid decision on the thing that he or she find necessary, meaning something they can not live without Only then will they know how to keep the earth and its environment clean, and the general will began to follow. When the public sees the response of them destroying the environment personally, they can take the appropriate measure it take to have others combined with the contribute to restoring and  maintain a clean environment. Los Angeles economic and environmental hazard can become improved by encouraging alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle use, promoting fuel-efficient cars, improving roads and encouraging carpooling. Many hazards come from the emission of fossil fuels from the engines of cars, by implementing the use of people not using their cars or making fuel efficient vehicles, it helps improve the inconvenience use of vehicles. When the growth of population becomes larger, more people require unnecessary materialistic items, like cars, technology, and material that cut into the field and push down trees from growing. Animals start to get pushed out their habitats, and the earth begin to become small on their environmental structure. If Los Angeles complete or clean up their street, it may cost a profit, but it is a reduction in car accidents, better bicycling paths for bicyclist, and a cleaner environment so humans can respect and take care. Reference: Analysis shows promoting fuel efficient cars will keep fuel costs from draining illinois economy. (2011). Entertainment Close – Up, Retrieved September 14, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/864596179?accountid=458 Botkin, D.B. and Keller,E.A. 2010. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet 7th Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Reynolds, C., et al. (2009). â€Å"The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Bicycling Injuries and Crashes: A Review

“How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife” by Manuel E. Arguilla Essay

Baldo and his older brother Leon were both waiting for their visitor riding a carratela. When Baldo sa his older brother’s wife, who is Maria, he was amazed by her beauty as he narrates their journey to their home in Nagrebcan. Maria was felt a bit anxious because of meeting Leon and Baldo’s parents for the first time, but along their way home, she discovered the differences of the life of the people lived there and the life in the city where she met and fell in love with Leon. Characters Leon/Noel – Maria’s husband, older brother of BaldoMaria – Leon’s wife Baldo – Leon’s younger brother, also the narrator of this story Mother and Father of Leon and BaldoAurelia – Leon and Baldo’s younger sister Labang – the carabaoSetting Nagrebcan, Bauang La Union Plot Leon and Baldo waited for the arrival of Maria at the barrio. Maria was afraid that she will not be accepted by Leon’s father because she may not able to adapt their way of living in the province. Baldo was ignoring to his older brother’s question about why did they have to go to Waig instead of Camino Real. (The reason is that their father wanted to test Maria if she is worthy to be Leon’s wife.) Baldo discussed their travel to his father. Leon’s entire family talked to Maria. 1. Who among the characters in the story you appreciate most? Why? What trait/quality/characteristics you want to this character? Why? For my opinion, I think I appreciate Maria most. Because she accepted and respected Leon for what he really is. She didn’t care what Leon’s life back in Nagrebcan. She was a supportive and a loving wife to Leon. She was so endearing and kind-hearted lady. She was very keen to meet Leon’s family. The fact that the rural is different from the city can be somewhat discouraging but the closer hey get to the house, Maria still manages to overcome any trials.

Integrated Marketing Communcations and Customer Satisfaction Strategy Assignment

Integrated Marketing Communcations and Customer Satisfaction Strategy - Assignment Example The advertising strategy of the company will reflect the company’s mission to improve product and service offerings and make these products and services readily available. Advertising is critical for the company to let the general public know about the existence of the company. Customer awareness is a very important element of any advertising campaign (Knoll, 2012). The advertising initiatives of 360UP are going to help the company reach its marketing goals because more potential customers are going to realize of the existence of the firm’s products and services. â€Å"The value of advertising is based primarily on the number of potential customers that it reaches† (Meyer & Hester, 2003). The use of mass marketing campaigns can be effective at increasing the customer reach of the company. 2) Discuss how the effectiveness of the advertising will be measured. An advertising campaign is good if it is effective at accomplishing the company’s goals. 360UP is th e firm that is starting out in the market, thus advertising is critical to the success of the company. The organization will use various methods to determine the effectiveness of its advertising efforts. A simple way to measure how effective advertising has been towards the bottom line of a company is by determining if the sales of the company increased as a consequence of its marketing efforts. Keeping a weekly log of sales and comparing the trend over time is a way to determine if the company has achieved any sales growth after an advertising campaign. Negative sales growth after the implementation of an advertising campaign is an indicator of marketing failure. In order for a company to increase its customer base it must invest in advertising (Hawkins, 2009). There are other specific ways to determine the effectiveness of advertising efforts. The numbers of Facebook or Twitter users that follow the company online are a good metric to measure the effectiveness of online social med ia advertising efforts. If the company uses banner advertising the number of people that click on the banner is a metric that measures the effectiveness of the campaign. 3) Discuss the promotional strategies that may be used in addition to advertising. 360UP is a company that seeks to expand its business beyond the United States into various international markets. The company will need to use communication adaptation in the future to adequately target foreign customers (Kotler, 2003). Promotions are a great way to increase the revenues of the company in the short term. The first step in evaluating the effectiveness of a promotion is to acquire an understanding of why a customer is interested in purchasing a product or service (Taylor, 1965). 360UP must use a wide variety of promotional techniques to acquire and retain customers. Based on Pareto’s 80-20 rule a firm receives 80% of their customers from 20% of their clients (Hafner, 2001). The use of promotional campaigns can he lp increase the customer retention rate of the company. Five promotional campaigns that the firm can use to attract customers are daily specials, Tuesday extravaganza, flyer coupons, family meals, and value menus. The daily special would consist of offering a different meal from the menu each day at a discounted price. The Tuesday extravaganza is an offer in which the company offers all the meals in its menu at half price from 11:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. The flyer coupons is a promotion that provides

The Vast Solar System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vast Solar System - Assignment Example To further understand our solar system, it is important to get to know each planet that makes up the whole solar system. First of all, the earth in which we live in is the only planet that is able to support life. This is because of the fact that it consists of a thin layer of atmosphere that will protect living beings from cold and airless space outside. It is the third planet from the sun and is considered the fifth largest among other planets, with just a few hundred kilometers larger than planet Venus. Mercury, on the other hand is known to be the sun-scorched planet that is just slightly larger than the moon. It allows very little atmosphere and is covered with craters. During daytime, mercury is heated by the sun while at night, temperature in this planet drops hundreds of degrees below freezing that makes ice exist in its craters. Mercury has an egg-shaped orbit that revolves around the sun every 88 days. Venus, is another planet that is known for its having intense heat and v olcanic activity. It has a similar structure and size with the earth however Venus have thick and toxic atmosphere that traps heat in a â€Å"greenhouse effect†. This planet’s temperature is able to melt lead. A glimpse below the clouds would reveal volcanoes and deformed mountains. What is strange about Venus is that it spins slowly in the opposite direction of most planets in the solar system. Mars, is one that is considered a cold desert world. It has a size half of the Earth’s diameter and has the same amount of dry land. Just like Earth, Mars also goes through seasons, has polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons, and weather. However, the difference between the two is that Mars has a very thin atmosphere for liquid water to exist for long in the surface. Research shows that Mars shows signs of ancient floods but evidence for water can only be seen through its icy soil and thin clouds. Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system. This is because of the fact that it has dozens of moons and an enormous magnetic field which forms a kind of its own solar system. Jupiter does not resemble a star when speaking of its composition but it does not grow big enough to ignite. The planet consists of swirling cloud stripes that are punctuated by massive storms such as the Great Red Spot which is continuously raging for years now. If you are looking for a unique planet among all that is in the solar system, Saturn is the one that will perfectly meet the description. It is adorned with thousands of beautiful ringlets where all four gas giant planets have rings, which are basically made up of chunks of ice and rock but no other planet could compare to the spectacular and at the same time complicated rings Saturn has. Like other gas giants, Saturn consists mostly of a massive ball of hydrogen and helium. However, according to astronomers, Saturn is the most distant of the five planets first known. Saturn has a volume which is 755 times greater than th at of the Earth where winds in its upper atmosphere would reach 500 meters per second in the equatorial region. These fast and strong winds combined with heat rising from within Saturn’s interior are the ones that cause the yellow and gold bands visible in the atmosphere that makes it unique. Uranus is the only giant planet who has an equator nearly at the right angles to its orbit. It has a size nearly the same with Neptune however, Uranus has more methane and is mainly made up of hydrogen and helium atmosphere than Jupiter or Saturn. Uranus has a blue tint which is caused by the methane. This planet was the first planet to be found using a telescope and

In todays conditions, the survival of magazines, individually and Essay

In todays conditions, the survival of magazines, individually and collectively, is not dependent on the quality of their journalism. Discuss - Essay Example The real problem is quality journalism, but the media business itself. For instance, under discussion is whether the World Wide Web can help major, independent journalistic organisations. The Internet—the greatest medium ever created for information dissemination and news transmission—already provides a plethora of quality journalism and constantly will, from small-scale magazine organisations to the online expansions of large-scale newspapers and networks (Cook 2008). However, can new magazine businesses—organisations which are formed external to and in competition with the giants of the old media—survive through quality journalism alone? Can and will the prospective counterparts of today’s major magazine companies penetrate the current media barrier, emerging as strong national magazine brands above the debris and dissonance of the current magazine industry? In a study examining the disparity between professional magazine editors and journalism educators, Dickson and Brandon discovered that there were considerable disparities between the educators and editors in their belief of what comprises the survival of magazines today, specifically what media-related skills or advantages are vital (Lepre & Bleske 2005). The researchers discovered that educators ranked theoretical knowledge in mass media and society, communication theory, and media history, and professionally focused skills in media management, media ethics, and media law, higher than professional magazine editors did (ibid, p. 190). Technical skills in language arts were ranked the highest by professional magazine editors. The group of journalism educators was the only one which ranked another category, skills in journalism, as being the most contributing factor to the survival of magazine businesses (Lepre & Bleske 2005). Generally, the findings of this study demonstrated that even though there were considerable disparities between the groups of

Problems and Risks Exposed to the Boiler Operators Assignment

Problems and Risks Exposed to the Boiler Operators - Assignment Example The people that are mostly subjected to these risks are the physical laborers employed as boiler operators and the study is based in Brazilian industries where the use of boilers is most common than in any other nation. The operators of the boilers are exposed to a number of health risks and problems that include: pains of different intensity in the body, muscle fatigue and diseases resulting from the heavy weight and exposure to heat. Moreover, the utilizing of the boiler implies various types of accidents such as burns, injuries, fires, and explosions; additionally, there is the increase of heart rate of the operator exposed to the excessive heat which occurs due to heat exchanges between the body and the environment leading to blood in the heart. A number of factors and parameters that are considered in the article; basically, the key aspects put first in this situation included the main risks of activities in the boiler which circled around the burns, pains and other injuries, factors that lead to the increased heart rate and how they can be eliminated, influence of thermal overload in the human body, and the physical workload where the boiler operators are forced to lift heavy loads due to the lack of proper mechanization which also has adverse effects that deteriorate the health especially when one puts into consideration that this takes place in a working condition that has excessive heat. Generally, the different factors were evaluated in a boiler where a thorough study was conducted; furthermore, there were a number of instruments that were used in the study i.e. a heart rate monitor, a digital chronometer, a wet-bulb globe thermometer (WBGT), a tape measure and a digital infrared camera.  

The Relevance of Universal Healthcare Policy in the US Research Paper

The Relevance of Universal Healthcare Policy in the US - Research Paper Example Universal healthcare system will help all the Americans irrespective of their financial status to get access medical care, which will result in decreasing illnesses and increasing health, which is an advantage for the citizens in USA. The US Senate should pass a bill to provide free and universal healthcare system for the Americans so that they get access to a good system of health care regardless of their financial status. In his article, â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Universal Health Care in The United States,† T W Philip makes clear the term ‘universal health care’. He says that it is the system of providing health coverage â€Å"for any and all willing participants† (The Pros And Cons Of Universal Health Care In The United States para.1). Universal healthcare is a government program funded by taxes. The United States is the only nation that does not have a universal health care system at present. The author of the aforesaid article says that Universal health care system is necessary and the citizens are claiming it as it is their birthright and everyone can get access to it. He makes a distinction between the universal health care and the socialized health care. He contends that under universal health care hospitals, doctors, drugs etc remain independent which function for profit or non profit. Socialized medicine is the industry controlled by the government. So, if a person wants his medical insurance he should work under the government. If he loses his job, his medical insurance is also withdrawn. ... If he loses his job, his medical insurance is also withdrawn. Many of the citizens suggest that America’s health care solution is to have a â€Å"nationalized health plan† ( Longley 4), under which medical care for the citizens will be the responsibility of the federal government and the doctors and the hospitals will be under their control. All Americans should have the right to enjoy free health care system like citizens of the other nations. The parliament needs to pass the bill for universal healthcare for American people because the Preamble of the US Constitution includes in its purpose an aim to â€Å"promote the general welfare† (Should all Americans have the right (be entitled) to health care point. 2) of the citizens of the nation. The United States of America is one of the developed nations in the world and it could be recognized as the only country which does not ensure health care for its citizens. For a better health care system, US should stop the medical bankruptcies, and try to improve the public health by reducing the overall healthcare spending. It is the lack of guaranteed healthcare system which has resulted in the poor health of the Americans as compared to citizens of other developed nations of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has ranked the US health care system â€Å"37th of 190 countries† (Gelder & Pibel), which is far below most of the European countries. Life expectancy in US is also shorter than 27 other countries. These factors indicate that there is an urgent need to revamp the present healthcare system in the country so that its status can be uplifted at par with other developed nations. Due to high cost of health care system, both the large and small firms are pulling back from offering health

Case study 11 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

11 - Case Study Example Janice should consider getting support from the hotel’s executives through Tony for her group business. In addition, Janice should focus HR practices to increase collaboration amongst group members and their superiors or supervisors. The best way to deal with group businesses is to employ HR strategies. Thirdly, Janice can use heritage relationships to form and organize these groups. Janice should first find out existing trends in the lodging sector. Second, Janice should determine the most promising domestic and visit trends. Third, Janice should find out The Christopher Hotel’s rivals and their success so far. The fourth step is finding out the likely accommodation market sectors in the region. Lastly, Janice can find out the residence and average room rate that a new property at can accomplish. Janice can simply find out what the competition is up to by visiting their website and associate blogs or social media accounts. If the competition has not posted the specifics and time of these activities on these sites, Janice can attend a conference held by competition and pick up news about their events and successes. Other ways for finding out the operations and timing of the competition is compiling a report, enrolling their suppliers, or even employing

Unethical advertising Essay Example for Free

Unethical advertising Essay Generally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. Advertisement Advertising is a form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them. Many advertisements are also designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. Definition of Advertisement Description or presentation of a product, idea, or organization, in order to induce individuals to buy, support, or approve of it. Sponsored informational public notice appearing in any of the print communications media that is designed to appeal to a mass audience in order to persuade, inform, promote, motivate, or otherwise modify behavior toward a favorable pattern of purchasing, supporting, or approving a particular product, service, idea, or organization. When the advertisers message appears in the broadcast media , it is called a commercial . The first advertisement on record in an American newspaper appeared in the Boston News Letter on May 8, 1704. It described an estate for sale in Oyster Bay, Long Island. HISTORY A print advertisement from a 1913 issue of National Geographic However, commercial In ancient times the most common form of advertising was word of mouth. messages and election campaign displays were found in the ruins of Pompeii. Egyptians used papyrus to create sales messages and wall posters. Lost-and-found advertising on papyrus was common in Greece and Rome. As printing developed in the 15th and 16th century, advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print ads were used mainly to promote books (which were increasingly affordable) and medicines (which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe). Quack ads became a problem, which ushered in regulation of advertising content. As the economy was expanding during the 19th century,  the need for advertising grew at the same pace. In America, the classified ads became popular, filling pages of newspapers with small print m essages promoting all kinds of goods. The success of this advertising format led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In 1843 the first advertising agency was established by Volney Palmer in Philadelphia. At first the agencies were just brokers for ad space in newspapers, but the 20th century, advertising agencies started to take over responsibility for the content as well. The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern, more scientific approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements interesting to read. The Volkswagen ad campaign featuring such headlines as Think Small and Lemon ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a position or unique selling proposition designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewers mind. Today, advertising is evolving even further, with ,Guerrilla promotions that involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. MEDIA One effective advertising method is to pay people to hold signs in public places. Transit advertising is combined with experiential marketing using pedapods in Australia. Commercial advertising media can include billboards (outdoor advertising), street furniture components, printed flyers, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, taxicab doors and roof mounts, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in supermarkets, the opening section of streaming audio and video, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising. Covert advertising embedded in other entertainment media is known as product placement. A more recent version of this is advertising in film, by having a main character, use an item or other of a definite brand an example is in the movie minority Report, where Tom Cruises character Tom Anderton owns a computer with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top comer, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective  mass-market advertising format and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as much for its commercial advertisements as for the game itself, and the average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached 2.5 million Increasingly, other mediums such as those discussed below are overtaking television due to a shift towards consumers usage of the Internet as well as devices such as TiVo. Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web based advertising space are dependent on the relevance of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives. E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Unsolicited bulk E-mail advertising is known as spam. Some companies have proposed to place messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Controversy exists on the effectiveness of Subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda). Unpaid advertising (also called word of mouth advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations (bring a friend, sell it by zealot), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (Xerox photocopier, Kleenex tissue, Vaseline petroleum jelly, Kotex tampons, Maxi pads sanitary napkins, Scotch Tape Clear Tape, Band-aid bandage, Visine eye drops, Q-tips cot ton swabs, Rollerblades inline skates) -.- these must provide the stuff of fantasy to the holder of an advertising budget. The most common method for measuring the impact of mass media advertising is the use of the rating point (rp) or the more accurate target rating point (trp). These measures refer to the percentage of the Universe of the existing base of audience members that can be reached by the use of each media outlet in a particular moment in time. The difference between the two is that the rating point refers to the percentage to the entire universe while the target rating point refers to percentage to a particular segment or target. This becomes very useful when focusing advertising efforts on a particular group of people. For example, think of an advertising campaign targeting a female audience aged 25 to 45. While the overall rating of a TV show might be well over 10 rating points it might very well happens that the same show in the same moment of time is  generating only 2.5 trps ( being the target women 25-45). This would mean that while the show has a large universe of viewers it is not necessarily reaching a large universe of women in the ages of 25 to 45 making it a less desirable location to place an ad for an advertiser looking for this p articular demographic. IMPACT Billboard, New York City The impact of advertising has been a matter of considerable debate and many different claims have been made in different contexts. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers 3.5 that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The (eventually successful) opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase consumption. According to many media sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to distinguish advertising from other television programs, whilst the ability to determine the truthfulness of the message may not be developed until the age of eight . PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISING The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation, religious recruitment, and deforestation. Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest , it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes. Attributed to Howard Gossage By David Ogilvy Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising, Cause marketing, and social marketing are different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques ( generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives. In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising. Public service advertising reached its height during World Wars I and II under the direction of several U.S. government agencies. SOCIAL IMPACT There have been increasing efforts to  protect the public interest by regulating the content and the reach of advertising. Some examples are the ban on television tobacco advertising imposed in many countries, and the total ban on advertising to children under twelve imposed by the Swedish government in 1991. Though that regulation continues in effect for broadcasts originating within the country, it has been weakened by the European Court of Justice, which has found that Sweden was obliged to accept whatever programming was targeted at it from neighboring countries or via satellite. In Europe and elsewhere there is a vigorous debate on whether and how much advertising to children should be regulated. This debate was exacerbated by a report released by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation in February 2004 which suggested that food advertising targeting children was an important factor in the epidemic of childhood obesity raging across the United States. In many countries namely N ew Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and many European countries the advertising industry operates a system of self-regulation. Advertisers, advertising agencies and the media agree on a code of advertising standards that they attempt to uphold. The general aim of such codes is to ensure that any advertising is legal, decent, honest and truthful. Some self-regulatory organizations are funded by the industry, but remain independent, with the intent of upholding the standards or codes (like the ASA in the UK). Critiques of the medium Advertising wrapped around a train. Minnesota, US As advertising and marketing efforts become increasingly ubiquitous in modern Western societies, the industry has come under criticism of groups such as Ad Busters via culture jamming which criticizes the media and consumerism using advertisings own techniques. The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption. Some advertising campaigns have also been criticized as inadvertently or even intentionally promoting sexism, racism, and ageism. Such criticisms have raised questions about whether this medium is creating or reflecting cultural trends. At very least, advertising often reinforces stereotypes by drawing on recognizable types in order to tell stories in a single image or 30 second time frame. Recognizing the social impact of advertising, Media Watch, a non-profit womens organization, works to educate consumers about how they can register their concerns with advertisers and regulators. It has developed educational  materials for use in schools. The award-winning book, Made You Look How Advertising Works and Why You Should Know , by former Media Watch president Shari Graydon, provides context far these issues for young readers. Public interest groups and free thinkers are increasingly suggesting that access to the mental space targeted by advertisers should be taxed, in that at the present moment that space is being freely taken advantage of by advertisers with no compensation paid to the members of the public who are thus being intruded upon. This kind of tax would be a Pigovian tax in that it would act to reduce what is now increasingly seen as a public nuisance. Efforts to that end are gathering momentum, with Arkansas and Maine considering bills to implement such taxation. Florida enacted such a tax in 1987 but was forced to repeal it after six months, as a result of a concerted effort by national commercial interests, which withdrew planned conventions, causing major losses to the tourism industry, and cancelled advert ising, causing a loss of 12 million dollars to the broadcast industry alone. PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE MEDIUM Billboard in Lund, Sweden, saying One Night Stand Over the years, the public perception of advertising has become very negative. It is seen as a medium that inherently promotes a lie, based on the purpose of the advertisement to encourage the target audience to submit to a cause or a belief, and act on it to the advertising partys benefit and consequently the targets disadvantage. They are either perceived as directly lying (stating opinions or untruths directly as facts), lying by omission (usually of terms unfavorable to the customer), portraying a product or service in a light that does not reflect reality or even making up realities where their product has a new role. EFFECTS ON COMMUNICATION MEDIA Another effect of advertising is to modify the nature of the communication media where it is shown. The clearest example is television. Channels that get most of their revenues from publicity try to make their medium a good place for communicating ads. That means trying to make the public stay for long times and in mental state that will make spectators not to switch the channel through the ads. Programs that are low in mental stimulus and require light concentration and are varied are best for long sitting times and make for much easier emotional jumps to ads, that can become more entertaining than regular shows. A simple way to understand the objectives in television programming is to compare contents from channels  paid and chosen by the viewer with channels that get their income mainly from advertisements. FUTURE With the dawn of the Internet have come many new advertising opportunities. Popup, Flash, banner, and email advertisements (the last often being a form of spam) abound. Recently, the advertising community has attempted to make the adverts themselves desirable to the public. In one example, Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Rolex watches and BMW cars featured in recent James Bond films. Each year, greater sums are paid to obtain a commercial spot during the Super Bowl. Companies attempt to make these commercials sufficiently entertaining that members of the public will actually want to watch them. Particularly since the rise of entertaining advertising, some people may like an advert enough that they wish to watch it later or show a friend. In general, the advertising community has not yet made this easy, although some have used the Internet to widely distribute their adverts to anyone wishing to see or hear them.

Financial Derivatives in Theory and Practice in China

Financial Derivatives in Theory and Practice in China CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Financial derivatives is often an efficient policy of the risk management which is been used in modern economy worldwide. The financial derivatives grow on huge scale and very significant into a well accepted definitions, measurement and the revelation of the conventional financial accounting essentials. The financial derivatives has many advantages and it is been used worldwide. Though, some risks occur in the use of financial derivatives. The management of the financial derivatives become more essential in the modern economy. With the rapid growth of the modern economy, more financial risk exists during the development process which involves the frequent use of financial derivatives, the use of the derivatives assist against a potential risks and use of financial derivatives also reveals to the user a huge risk. Financial derivatives are also important through the progress of financial derivatives. Globally, the world economy is fast growing which is leading to so many difficulties in the financial derivatives worldwide which are creating more problems for financial derivatives. However this problem requires the introduction of regulatory body such as government to take over in order to supervise the financial derivatives. The supervision of financial derivatives plays a vital role in modern economy while lack of regulation in financial derivation will lead the financial market into disorder, chaos and confusion. This might destroy the entires nations economy. Financial derivatives without regulation will attract a big potential economic risk. For the financial market globally, such economic crisis affects the economy worldwide. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY China has a huge economy which is growing rapidly. There various types of financial derivatives in china, which are widely used in the financial market. This research will analyze the financial derivative in Chinas financial market and also discuss the classic supervision (regulations) and the analysis of the performance of the supervision procedure. China financial market, its advantage and the risks that exist in the classic financial derivative in China will also be reviewed. This research will reveal major classic in the various types of financial derivatives in china and verify the uses of all the financial derivatives in order to demonstrate its performance of those financial derivatives. The supervision of financial derivatives will also lead to reviewing the Chinas financial environs. The major purpose of this research is to establish the usage of financial derivatives against the financial derivatives. The findings of the research from both the financial derivatives and role of supervision in China will provide an overall insight in the China financial market and also conclude by making some recommendation on the usage of financial derivation and the status of the supervision of financial derivatives in China. 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH This research reviews the overall literature on financial derivative in the past with a focus on the impact of the financial derivative, the benefits of the practise of financial derivative and the potential risk of the use of financial derivative. The supervision of the financial derivative analysis will be reviewed with the use of Journals and report. Subsequently, this research work will focus on the case study for the research methodology; the case study is the Chinas financial market. This research model information is gathered from both Chinas financial market and the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. Information is however collated in china using the position of a standard financial derivative in China. Using the position of a standard financial derivative in China, the analysis of financial market in China is reviewed with some journals and reports which was use as the data in support of the research and the most vital data is collected by the Chinese national statistics. The research will use both the qualitative and quantitative analysis method, this used to analyse the research data. From the research of classic financial derivative that is practise in China and the supervision of financial derivatives in China. This research will adapt the SLEPT method (Social factor, Legal factor, Economic factor, Political factor and Technological factor) to review the entire china financial markets while the SWOT (Strengthen, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) method will be used in reviewing the financial derivative in the direction of the Chinas financial market, the functions of the supervision of the financial derivatives in China will also be reviewed. Finally, there will be a brief conclusions and provide some recommendations on both China financial for market and supervision of the financial derivatives. The limitations of the study will be highlighted and references for further reading will also be listed at the end of this research. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE The financial derivatives have a direct influence on the organization. A financial derivative is a good policy of risk management. Froot et al (1993) observed that the peak level of investment and capital spending are selected at the same time. They recommend that financial cost risk management should have a particular dominant goal, this enable the company to have access to cash to make a price improving investments. The risk management model rely on the fundamental premises that the essentials of establishing corporate value is creating good investment and the essentials to creating good investment is generating adequate cash within, in order to use it to find those investments. Nance et al (1993) and Mian (1994) discover a statistically important clear relationship between the tax credits and the practise of risk management instruments. Dolde (1995) reported a clear and an important relation between tax loss carry forwards and the practise of risk management instrument which include hedging. Dixon Bhandari (1997) found that calls for supervision through a rise in legislation are not generally accepted. Although the supervisory body main focus is that the stability of inter market could be strictly undermined without greater supervision. Guay (1999) studies financial derivative responsibilities in organizations by initiating derivatives practises. The outcomes were consistent with organization practising derivatives to hedge and not to expand, entity risk. Organization risk is measured in different ways which reduces following the use of derivatives. The study observes a decrease in risks and decisions to introduce derivatives programs vary from hedging. The outcome highlights the significance of hedge accounting laws that incorporate the influence of derivatives and hedged items at the same time. Fender (2000) discovers some basics of corporate finance of monetary economics examine the influence of corporate risk management policies on the monetary transmission system. They employed an easy model of a financial speed up to sort the information asymmetries, they are the core of the entire models of the transmission system, it establish motivation for corporate hedging activities, that is cash flow administration, they realise that these principles, in turn, reduce the influence of monetary policy degree which is lower to the clear cost of capital effect. Billing (2002), describe the reasons behind the protection and enlightened on how auditors should review the different problems raised from the utilisation of financial instrument. Heilliar et al (2004), access the influence of financial reporting standard 13: Derivatives and different financial instruments, implementations and disclosures which focus is on the treasury department responsibilities. The researchers deliberately conduct interviews with the workers of the UK treasury department in order to review their behaviours towards and observed the impact of FRS 13. At large, the treasurer reply at an advantage to the standard and carefully reviewed the narrative disclosure to be specifically useful. The numerical disclosures were comprehensive and focused. The rapid growth in the financial derivatives also has an influence on Chinas financial market. Ba Shusong (2004) believes that financial derivatives have played a vital role in the growth of Chinas market. Subsequently, El-Masry (2006) stated that big firms often used derivatives than average or smaller firms, public companies often use derivatives than the private companies. The use of derivatives is ultimate in the midst of international firms. The findings reveals that most firms that do not use derivative instrument is attributed to the fact their experiences are not important and the major reasons they avoid derivatives are, they focus on the experiences requires by FASB rules under derivatives activity, fees of creating and sustaining derivatives activities go beyond the expected profit, foreign exchange risk is often managed with derivatives and interest rate risk is often managed with derivatives and interest rate risk is risk that is subsequently managed risk and the study reveals that the main reason for the use of hedging with derivatives is supervising the volatili ty in liquidity. Bartram (2006) explores the incentive and use of non financial firms with respect to using options in managing risk activities. The study realize that an important number of 15 – 55% of the companies not within the financial sector practise the options which shows the fact that options are very flexible risk management instrument which can be useful to hedge different types of exposures both linear and non-linear, it also discover that it rely on the correlation between price and quantity risk, the optimal hedge portfolio involve different combination of both linear and non linear risk management instruments. The accounting ways and the effects of liquidity can influence the selection of derivatives. Eckstein et al (2008) study the impact of organization using derivatives which applies Statement of Financial Account Standards (SFAS) no 133; it shows the degree of cumulative effects of differences in accounting formulas from the annual income statement adopted, market response to earnings pronounced and the major effect of financial ratio. The outcome reveals that the important negative unpredicted returns were noticed around earnings pronouncement dates. Abnormal earnings correlate with the cumulative effect instead of the differences in earnings per share from operations which reveals that surprises connected to changes in accounting, it is also established that companies with resources unrealized profit and losses are connected to hedging with derivative instrument. 2.2 THE MERITS OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES There are several advantages of financial derivatives from 1990s McAllister and Mansfield (1998) studies the responsibilities and ability of financial derivatives investment property portfolio management and also focus on the difficulties of direct investment in commercial property. They also analyse and the major principles and all different types of derivatives, they rounded it up that the possibilities of financial derivatives to mitigate most of this difficulties which is connected with direct property investment that is studied. They also decided on Property Index Certificates (PIC) has been narrow down with shareholders and ought to produce rise in interest rate and the use of derivatives product within the assets both in the UK and global institutional shareholders. Tyler and Stanley (2002), Counter Sheedys call for further readings through the practical examination of the equity derivatives market in US and UK, quarrelling that while link in this market do, to a certain degree, showing features a typical of broader and indeed inherent, to over-the-counter derivative exchange. After that, Zivney et al (2006) discovers the possibilities of using dividend plans by individual shareholders. This plan was raised from the 2003 tax law changes which reduce tax rates on dividends received while abandoning the short term tax rate on capital losses unaffected. Freeman et al 2006, realize that the credit derivatives market is control by big banks and insurance firms who does business within themselves. The growth of credit derivatives market develops into more liquid and transparent. Freeman emphasize that thee a various easy and practical ways in which organisation can use credit derivatives to manage risk to show the empirical strengths and weakness of a particular approach. Klimczak (2008) produce a detailed assessment of the main contemporary firms hedging theories. The study focus on a sample of 150 companies listed on the Warsaw stock exchange which shows features shared by companies using hedge. 2.3 RISKS ATTACHED TO FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES From the above, the literature review shows various advantages of financial derivatives on the risk management of finance. However, some risk occurs in the operation of financial derivatives. Financial derivatives have been faced with so many criticisms this mostly is due to large loose because of leverage and borrowing. Laker (2008) examines that as the derivatives permit shareholders to earn huge returns from small movement in the basic assets price. Though shareholder might lose more money if the basic asset price moves against them drastically and the financial derivatives might expose shareholders to counter party risk and all types of financial derivatives have different risks at different level to this effect. Also financial derivatives will stand as an unsuitable large amount of risk for little and mostly for shareholders who lack experience as financial derivatives offers chances of huge rewards and so many attractions even to individual shareholders. However, speculation under derivatives most presumes a great deal of risk consisting commensurate experience and good market idea which favours a small shareholders, this is the purpose why some financial advisers are opposing the use of these instruments. Derivatives are complicated instrument as forms of insurance in transferring risk among a ll parties involve which presume an additional risk. Laker further identified that financial derivatives often have a huge estimated value, as a result of that there is a high level of risk and shareholders might lose much without been compensated. As stated by Berhire Hathaway inc. (2002) on the annual report, that there is a possibility that this could result in a chain reaction and subsequently in an economic crisis. Also Rawles (2006), financial derivatives enormously leverage within the economy, which makes it more complex for the basic real economy to facilitate its debt requirement and restricting the real economic functions which often lead to economic recession. 2.4 THE SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES ANALYSIS The supervision of the financial derivatives should be acknowledged as both the advantage and risk are present in financial derivatives. Though, there few journals which analyse the supervision of financial derivatives, in the late 1990s, Shah (1996), identified that in the rise of huge losses from derivatives dealers and end users in modern years, many issues are being highlighted as regards the regulatory structure that is necessary to supervise and control the use of derivatives, it disagree that the principle in which the issue can be resolved by strict internal policies whereas regulators assume it is necessary for more precise oversight is misplaced though it still can be use for hedging, Derivatives involves high risk technology which often pose problems for regulations and its functions. Recently, Kern (2001), identified that the global regulation of financial markets became obvious in the 1970s with regards to post Bretton Woods liberalisation of financial markets. The removal of the fixed exchange rate equal the outcome of gold in the privatisation of finance risk, which established tension to eliminate the functions of cross border capital movements and more deregulation of the financial market. However, there is need for general regulatory body to build safe and reliable financial institutions such as bank through an efficient management as systemic risk in general market. Also it is necessary for international standards of supervision to also be acknowledged to avoid solvent in the financial institutions in one jurisdiction from the business to collapse to a less reputable institutions functioning in other jurisdictions whose rules only allowed cut rate financial services and more risky financial functions. The privatization of financial risk leads to establishm ent of financial institutions to blow out their risks over to many resources and functions which lead to an important rise in short term cross border portfolio asset which could reveal capital importing nation to increase system risk which was cause by volatility of such investments. Gilnen Tabak (2007) establish a new substitute for gathering information on risks that exists in financial institutions which assist in analysing the risk tools which are found in risk management. This method assists risk managers, supervisors in analysing the potential risk in financial institutions because of derivatives position. The main idea is the linear financial instrument which is also refer to the traditional method often used by management risk system it assist in decreasing roles in risk factors and defend the responsibilities of financial derivatives while the non-linear instrument have roles with different options which are represented as clear as European options. The study shows the propose method captured the risk occurrence in policies that consists of options with an accepted error margin. CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 CASE STUDY The case study of this research will be the Chinas financial market; this research analysis will focus on the Chinas financial market, together with growth of the socialist market of the real economic structure. Chinas financial market is growing with the ongoing exploration. Currently, Chinas financial Market is essentially established as a pure division of the financial system. Chinas financial Market has started forming and many financial commercial have been developed, this includes Bonds, Stock and commercial bills. The capital loan and a bargain securities markets were established steadily after 1985. During the 1988, treasury bonds were established in the transfer market in major and average cities in china. In 1990 shanghai stock exchange was created and 1991 Shenzhen stock exchange was also created. Both stock exchange in 1999, release 98 A shares and 117 subsidiary shares, increasing 87.7 billion Yuan, which increase the total number of companies listed to 976; the aggregat e increase in foreign capital is about US$610Million with the use of issuing B and H shares. China releases 1.5Billion Yuan of A shares which can be transferred into bonds. In 1994, 94.1 billion Yuan was realised from issuing and selling stocks. The level of the transaction in the stock exchange by 1999 surpass 5,000 billion Yuan and it was summed up to about 401.5billion Yuan which was the value of government bonds issued and 191.1 billion Yuan was government bonds value in cash. This fund has successfully improved the financial status of the listed companies and a rise in the sources of money for technological transformation of the public banks and financial markets. In the recent years, the financial market in China has been undergoing a rapid growth, Neftci and Yuan, Michelle (2006), stated that China financial markets shows about $2 trillion and are anticipating the market to grow to about $10trillion by 2008, the china financial market continues to expand its investment with a view to ensure that their operations are successful. 3.2 RESEARCH AND DATA COLLECTION They are different types of financial derivatives found in Chinas financial market which are vital for the growth of Chinas financial market. The use of the financial derivatives has led to many financial difficulties in the rapid growth of the financial system, there is need for regulators to be more effective and implement more laws on the supervision of the financial derivatives. This will help to determine and regulate the stability of both the China financial market and the supervision of financial derivatives in china. Classic materials similar to the financial market and financial derivatives in China will be use as a guide. Other source of materials will be from the internet, textbooks and journals. This research work is structure to determine the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. The China financial market is chosen as a case for the analysis. The source of the main data is from China, National Statistics of China; and few of the firms annual report will be used for the data analysis. This research work will focus on the nature of the Chinas financial market and the outcome of the financial derivatives in China and the supervision structure of the financial derivatives in China. The SLEPT (refer to Social factor, Legal factor, Economic factor, Political factor, Technological factor) method will be used to examine the general system of the China financial market, it will focus on the classic findings of financial derivatives and also on China financial system in order to examine the nature of the financial market in China. From the results, the research will be based on the nature of the financial derivatives in China to examine the impact, introduction, growth, transactions and practise of the financial derivatives on the Chinas financial market. This research will also examine the supervision of financial derivatives in Chinas financial market in agreement with related articles and also to make some recommendation on the supervision of the financial derivatives in China. 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS The qualitative and quantitative method is both used to analyze the data. Under the qualitative analysis method, the materials such as journals and all information gathered from the internet are related to Chinas financial market and the supervision of financial derivatives, the report of the classic financial organisation will all be gathered as part of the qualitative assistance to the analysis. Some major dialogue by the classic economist in China will also be the main issues for the qualitative analysis; this is due to lack of interviews by government officials and financial managers of most firms. Generally, the secondary materials used will be part of the quantitative analysis, which will certainly show the problem of this research. The quantitative method, this method of analysis is the data and information gathered from different firms. The most significant data is gathered from the China National Statistics. Other information and data are gathered from various reports from different firms. It is difficult to make a questionnaire with this research because the research problem is comprehensive. The major source of information and data are gathered from the internet and few reports from the government is the main structure for the quantitative analysis. The major limitations are the quantitative method in this research is the lack of an individuals observations and analysis on financial markets and the supervision of the financial derivatives. CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 4.1 CLASSICAL FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES USED IN CHINA China has commissioned a model in financial future exchange in 1990s. Ba Shusong (2006), stated that the core financial derivatives are the foreign exchange futures, stock index futures, warrants, convertible bonds and national debt future. Few of the do not function any more, although model is not so successful, it was importance for a lot of valuable experiences. However, with the growth in China financial market, the financial derivatives perform well and will return to China financial market and a fresh product which correspond to the requirements of the growth of economy; this will be additional expansion and will certainly play a vital role in the Chinas financial market. Foreign Exchange futures; Gregory (1995) stated that inside the foreign exchange market, each price in a market is a relative price, which shows an equal rate. In the late 1980s and from the beginning of 1990s, China was completely accommodating for financial derivatives and control method of suitable opened. From 1984, the local enterprises and companies can trade the offshore foreign exchange futures via the stock broking company. This will assist in requirement for hedging of local banks corporations and swap the foreign exchange role. The first ever foreign exchange swap of China exchange market was commissioned June 1992 in shanghai. The transaction in the foreign exchange futures in local have been displayed and developed from time to time. Later on, the Shenzhen foreign exchange centre was due for approval of foreign exchange futures transactions. (Ma Qingquan 2003). Ma Qingquan (2003), later on access the inner and external foreign exchange future and realize that they all have some difficulties which enable the government of Chinese to take a bold step to resolve and restructure the foreign exchange market. From 1993 to 1995, during this era, the Chinese government has continuously ordered the closure of unlawful foreign exchange futures brokerage firms. All the local foreign exchange in China did not operate extensively due to absence of regulators which lead to failure of the implementation. National debt futures; the national debt future is another method of interest rate futures; it is after the most growth of financial futures in China. The national debt future was originally found December 1992 in china. The shanghai stock exchange commission was the first contact of national debt future. In the year 1993, the transaction scope of the general debt futures had been worn out mainly, the individuals and brokers was given access to the market. The Beijing commodity exchange also welcomes the transaction of national debt futures. However, the national debt future was unripe for development; this follows the 314 contract irregularities storm in Shanghai stock exchange in Sept 1994 and 327 contract irregularities storm in February 1995 also emerge. May 1995, concluded the transaction of national debt future which finally collapse. Convertible Bonds; Convertible bonds are part of growing process of the growth of Chinas Stock market. Basically convertible bonds have a slight resemblance with stock options. (A stock option is also known as executive stock options). Little (2008) refer to a convertible bond is a kind of bond that can be switch into shares, bonds in an issuing firm. Mostly a few pre-announced proportion which is hybrid safety with same debt and equity characteristics. Ba Shusong (2006), the convertible bonds have experienced and discovered in over a decade since its first implementation in China, they have been known with many groups and they continue to progress and grow since the growth of the recent social economy of China. The convertible bonds are financial derivatives which agree with state of the growth of China economy. It will grow more and further along with the growth of the Chinas financial market. Warrant, this is a type of derivative protection that gives the owner the ability to buy security direct from the issuer at a given price within a specific period. Warrant are mostly part in a fresh issue which is refer to sweetener this is just to attract the shareholder. Between 1992 to 1996, China has commissioned a lot of warrants, which include sock warrant La Dai Fei, others are Ba oan 93 and Fuzhou East in Shanghai stock market while others warrant was also commissioned in Shenzhen stock market. This include Gui Liugong, Xia Haifa, Min minding, Xiang Zhongyi. However, because of the uncontrolled speculation of warrants, there are important speculations in the drop prices of warrants. The operations of the warrants were dismissed by the national regulatory body in June 1996. The reason for the dismissed is due to absence of regulators of the financial derivative. Hence, it is observed that the supervision and regulation on all types of Financial derivative is very important tha n the operation of the financial derivative. As soon as financial derivatives is in operation there is need for government to present a supervision in order to regulate the operations and function of financial derivatives therefore the financial derivatives will grow with health except if it will be dismissed at the closing stages due to the disorder of the financial market. In conjunction with the reform of the part construct of warrants, the issue of the warrants were present in the outline again. This is due to bearish and bullish choices with the features of the warrants. It has been an efficient way in the movement for safety of the interests of investors and simultaneously, it leads to rise in flexible payment of the price of the movement of non-investors. According to Xu Peng (2007) since 2007, 27 warrants have been registered in shanghai and Shenzhen stock market. Stock Index Futures; In March 1993, stock index futures surfaced in Chinas Hainan securities and exchange center, which showed as Shenzhen composite index and Shenzhen A share index. This is in line with the global practise, such as creation of deposit system. Unfortunately, stock market was not huge enough; the trading activities stopped functioning in the same 1993 due to speculation inside the market. Ba shusong (2006) further stated that 14years after, (April 2007), After the official commissioning of the Future Exchange Management Regulations, the stock index futures has reverted given that it has been compelled to shut down 14years earlier. This revert will certainly become an important discussion for everyone and local institutions. 4.2 STANDARD SUPERVISION OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES USED IN CHINA The standard supervision of financial derivatives in China can be categorise into 3, namely, the Risk management, this is the major body of the supervision of financial derivatives, the core regulator of the financial market which is a vital way to regulate the financial derivatives and the creation of rules for financial derivatives which is protection for the supervision of the financial derivatives. 4.2.1 RISK MANAGEMENT This involve the risk management of the market, the risk management of credit, risk management of liquidity, risk management of operation and legal risk management. Risk management of market; this is refer to as the loss in the rise and fall of interest rates, exchange rate and stock prices. Market risk management shows the status of a bank in a market in order to grow the number of frequency and times of the market estimation. Lu wendao (2007), refer this technique of market risk appraisal used in China financial market is to compute the potential of changes in the market price, the exposure of risk and to grow contingency policies in order to enable the right of assessment and to accept the changes in the market. Risk management of credit; The risk management of credit failure is to implement derivatives agreements or breach of contract of financial derivatives credit risk which means when the financial institutions such as banks decide to emulate a transaction which is in agreement with certain regulations. It is recommended that bank should focus more on risk diversification rather than avoiding more concentration of transactions. The risk management of liquidity; Xu and Peng (2007), management of liquidity risk is t

How Do Organisations Build Customer Relationships?

How Do Organisations Build Customer Relationships? Why do organisations seek to build relationships with customers and how do they successfully develop such relationships? Terms of Reference In the pursuit of my studies for a degree in â€Å"Business Studies and Marketing,† and to aid my chosen career development and progression in the future, I have selected a specific area of marketing as the topic for this dissertation, this relating to the concept of customer relationships development and, in particular, the determination of why this is so important to organisations and what comprises a successful marketing strategy to achieve these ends. There has been a considerable amount of literature related to the issue of customer relationships and its management, which covers areas including the use of branding and brand loyalty as part of the market strategy needed to create such relationships. In addition, although almost as a separate issue, other empirical researches have been undertaken into the study of the consumer practical and psychological buying determinants. However, as Jerry Zaltman (2003) states in introducing his consumer research â€Å"too many marketers don’t understand how their own and their customers minds interact.† The purpose of this dissertation is to take a closer look at the level of interaction that should exist between the two areas of research and endeavour to determine how a greater level of research and understanding of the consumer buying determinants can be used to enhance the successful creation of the consumer relationship management strategy objectives of the firm. In order to provide a greater understanding of this subject, the dissertation will focus on the following objectives: Provide an understanding of customer buying determinates Define the term â€Å"customer relationship† and the benefits that building such relationships provide for the corporation Identify how an understanding can assist in the development of a firm’s customer relationship strategy and management. Literature Review As Zaltman (2003) and Evans et al (2006) suggest, understanding consumer psychology and buying determinates should be a pre-requisite for building successful brand strategies that lead to the building and managing of successful customer relationships, although this is not always deemed to be the case. Therefore, the literature review for this dissertation will concentrate upon three main aspects of this subject, this being consumer behavioural determinates, branding and consumer loyalty and retention, and customer relationship management and the tools used Consumer behaviour determinates Consumer behaviour is driven, consciously or sub-consciously, by a combinations of emotional, physical and psychological elements. This includes experience created memories, both past and present, which are used to judge the quality and appropriateness of a purchase to the consumers needs and satisfaction, as Bagozzi et al (2002), Zaltman et al (2002) and Evans et al (2006) explain at length in their studies. As this research further stresses, the memory element is an important element of the study as it creates the perception that consumers associate with the product or service. The involvement of habit, peer pressure and demographics are other important consumer determinants that organisations need to consider. For example, being subjected to family influences, following the pack, a peer pressure that is particularly relevant to the younger age group, are all parts of the consumer decision-making process. As Zaltman (2003) and Evans et al (2006) discovered, evidence of the successful integration of these determinates to entice consumers to products can be found in the adoption of nostalgic advertising and â€Å"fad† promotion using celebrity endorsement. These also help to retain the consumer’s custom in the case of new products (Arnold 1992). Demographics, in the form of targeting, determines which customer segment or group of segments is most likely to need or desire the product (Arnold 1992 and Stroud 2005), for example, dividing the consumer into age groups of appropriate value to the product being marketed. However, it has also been sugge sted that there is, within the consumer determinant, the need to consider the impact that emotional attachment to the product can have upon the consumer decision-making process and loyalty (Durgee 1999, Shrimp and Madden 198 and Thomson et al 2005). The study and researching of all these determinants, together with the issues of trust and confidence, are important if an organisation wants to create a successful relationship strategy with the consumer because, as (Kelly 2005) states, the purchase is only confirming that these have been met in the mind of the consumer. Branding and loyalty Commercial organisations attract consumers to their products by the method known as Branding, endeavouring to create an automatic and lasting consumer reaction in terms of perception and association, as found with McDonalds equating to burgers, (Haig 2004). The art and purpose of branding can therefore be seen to have two main purposes. The first of these relates to quality, standard and reputation (Kolter 2002), which is important to repeat purchase (Kolter 2002 and Kracklauer et al 2003), and the second is to achieve a dominant market position (Buttle 2004 and Bruhn 2006). Experts are of the opinion that there are two important aspect to focus upon when developing a branding strategy within CRM, the first of which is its usage in the process of targeting and forming a connection with the consumer, which is need to create a foundation for a relationship that can be nurtured over time. An essential part of the targeting process is research into demographics and segmentation, a task by which the marketer is able to closely identify which customer segment or group of segments is most likely to be attracted to the product because of need, desire, emotional attachment or financial capability. Arnold (1992 and Stoud (2005) have suggested that, with many marketers, some segments, such as the older age groups are overlooked, irrespective of the recorded increase in their disposable incomes. The second aspect when developing branding strategy is related to longevity. As the downfall of Marks and Spencer PLC in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s evidenced, brands have a short life and need undated to retain their relevance, both in terms of physical appearance and connection with the changes in consumer needs and perceptions (Floor 2006 and Haig 2004). Loyalty and retention Floor’s (2006) research states, â€Å"as long as the†¦ experience matches the brand identity, the consumer will come back.† This is known as the loyalty factor. Customer loyalty can be achieved in a number of ways. This includes the traditional methods of special offers, saver and store cards (Kracklauer 2003: 5; Buttle 2004: 10 and Bruhn 2006: 15). The concept here is that, whilst the customer derives benefit the store itself benefits from constant contact with the customer, as a result of these services, it acquires a considerable amount of research data about the customer. This is essential if a business wants to improve and better manage the customer relationship management system. Customer Relationship Management The potential conclusion from the above is that the marketer has to incorporate consumer determinants, branding and loyalty into a customer relationship designed to achieve the business objectives of increased product sales (Zaltman 2003). The crux of customer relationship management is the importance of every customer, recognising that a lost customer costs (Kracklauer et al 2003 and Buttle 2004). Therefore it is important to build a relationship and bond with each consumer (Kelly 2005 and Bruhn 2006). However, to ensure that this relationship building is approached in the correct manner, it is important to ensure that the firm and its marketers are fully cognisant of the factors that need to form the foundation of their research. As can be observed from the explanations given earlier this includes consumer behaviour and loyalty, but also the effect that â€Å"brand love† has upon this element of the relationship. CRM Tools There are a number of Branding and Loyalty tools that the CRM process can use to continue developing the relationship between organisations and customers. Loyalty cards are one possibility for data collection, which is essential in CRM (Buttle 2004). This data can be used to aid understanding of changing consumer needs and desires, directing them to purchase other products and as a basis for designing future promotional and marketing campaigns (Bruhn 2006 and Kracklauer 2006). If the relationship is close, the customer will also recommend the business, thus helping increase market share. Data Sources It was decided that the data sources being used for this dissertations will be a combination of a qualitative and quantitative nature. The reason for this is that the secondary data can be used as a means of comparison and evaluation of the primary data. Primary Data The intention is to collect primary data using a process of structured questionnaires. The questions will be designed around a combination of the â€Å"closed† and â€Å"open† format with the intention of these being directed to the areas that require an affirmative or negative response in terms of the former and a multiple choice option for the latter. It is also intended to provide additional spacing within which the interviewees can add personal comments if considered appropriate. The intention, time and resources permitting, is to distribute around 150 questionnaires and interviews, of which 25 will be directed to employees at all levels within the retailing industry and the remainder to consumers across a wide range of age and lifestyle segmentations. This mode of distribution has been chosen for two purposes. The first is to test the comment about lack of connection of minds between consumers and marketers mention by Zaltman (2003) and the second is to provide practical evidence of the consumer buying determinates used within the decision-making process. Clear definition of the reason for the questionnaire and the purposes for which it will be used will be included in explanatory notes. Space will also be provided with each answer to allow for comments that the respondents may wish to add. In addition, and in order to comply with data and identity protection, there will be no identifying questions included apart from age, occupation and other non-personally descriptive issues. Secondary data From a practical viewpoint, and in particular to be utilised for comparative purposes in respect of the authors own qualitative research, data from newspapers and periodicals, as well as the results of previously relevant surveys will be researched and included. The benefit of the gathering of extensive secondary data is that it can be useful for the purpose of cross referencing and evaluation of accuracy and compatibility. Methodology The methodology being used for this research can be summarised as follows. The initial period of time allocated to the research will be utilised in the gathering of data from external sources and analysing the relevance to the subject matter. This will additionally be useful in the preparation of the questionnaire to be used for the collection of primary data. Once this data has been collected, the draft and final questionnaires will be prepared and distributed. During the time required for the return of completed questionnaires, work will be commenced on areas of the dissertation, such as the literature review. Once the questionnaires have been returned and analysed using the Excel programme, these will be introduced to the dissertation to enable the analysis of the responses and findings. It is anticipated that, during the preparation of the study, additional secondary data may be required. Where this is appropriate, it will be collected and added to the existing references indicated at the closure of this proposal. Project Framework Although during the course of the dissertations preparation the final project framework may be subject to change the current intention, in order to create a logical and sequential progression for the study, is to base the project around the following breakdown of chapters: Chapter 1. Introduction In order to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the purpose and direction of the dissertation, this chapter will serve as an introduction to the subject matter. It will therefore include a brief definition of the term customer buying determinants and how this theory fits within the wider concept of consumer relationship management. In addition, a brief overview of the aims and objectives of the research will be included. Within this chapter a clear hypothesis for the research will also be set. Chapter 2. Literature Review In research of this nature it is important that the findings be founded, set against, and compared with existing literature relating to the subject. Therefore, a critical review of literature will be conducted in this chapter, which is intended to cover the research into all aspects of consumer behavioural determinates, branding and consumer loyalty and retention and customer relationship management. Chapter 3. Methodology In a step-by-step process, chapter three will be used to explain the methods used for the preparation and execution of the dissertation. This will include my reasoning for the data collection methods, which relates to both primary and secondary sources, the origination of the data and the methods by which it was to be analysed and assimilated into the final study. Furthermore, the limitations of my research will also be included within this chapter. Chapter 4. Results and Findings In chapter four it is intended to analyse the results of my findings into the areas that have been studied, in a manner that will the reader with an understanding and explanation of the basis upon which the conclusions of the research has been derived. For ease of understanding and explanation statistical and graphical diagrams will be used where appropriate, particular in explaining the results of the primary research. Chapter 5. Analysis and discussion Using the findings form the primary and secondary sources outlined in chapter 4, this chapter will further analyse those results and discuss the affect that these have upon the interrelationship between consumer determinants, branding, brand loyalty and the commercial CRM strategy process in general. Furthermore, the discussion will outline the commercial benefits of combining these two disciplines for the purpose of marketing strategy. Chapter 6. Conclusion Chapter six brings the research to a conclusion. This section will convey to the reader whether the research conducted has proved or disproved the hypothesis presented in the introduction. In addition, recommendations in respect of further area of research required and actions that corporations should take as a result of the findings will also be outlined within this concluding chapter. Other comments The intention of this dissertation is to add value to the existing research that has been conducted into the fields of consumer determinants and customer relationship management (CRM), in particular in respect of identifying the beneficial impact that building relationships with customers has for the corporations, together with the practical ways that the result of consumer determinants research can be added to the practical elements of marketing research into branding, consumer relationship and loyalty can be used as a further tool to enhance the success of their promotional strategy in this area. References   Arnold D (1992). 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